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Why amphibians are at risk ?

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                                                               A mphibians have received much attention during the last two decades because of a now -general understanding that a larger proportion of amphibian species are at risk of extinction than those of any other taxon.  Why this should be has puzzled amphibian specialists.  A large number of factors have been involved, including most prominently habitat destruction and epidemics of infectious diseases; global warming also has been invoked as a causative factor. What makes the amphibian case so compelling is the fact that amphibians are long-term survivors that have persisted through the last four mass extinctions. Paradoxically , although amphibians have proven themselves to be survivors in the past, there are reasons for thinking that they might be vulnerable to current environmental challenges and, hence, serve as multipurpose sentinels of environmental health. The typical life cycle of a frog involves aquatic development of egg

Mental time travel

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Ment al time travel-: The ability to travel mentally through time sets humans apart from many other species, yet little is known about this core cognitive capacity. In particular, what shapes the passage of the mind's journey through time? A core facet of conscious experience is that one's mind periodically wanders from the here-and-now. From memories of lost loves to expectations about forthcoming vacations, mental time travel (MTT) makes it possible to revisit the past and pre-experience the future. Present across cultures and emerging early in childhood, MTT is believed to serve a pivotal function in human cognition. When confronted with complex and challenging judgments, simulating future outcomes (i.e.,  prospection ) based on prior experience (i.e.,  retrospection ) is a tactic that optimizes decision-making and behavioural selection. That the past informs the future in this way (i.e.,  recollection-guides-simulation ) is evidenced from research demonstrat